[441], In the 1950s, the modernist architecture was introduced when Brasilia was built as new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the Prince Regent Dom Joo. [396][397], The Brazilian public health system, the Unified Health System (Sistema nico de Sade SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,[398] being the largest system of this type in the world. [85], The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in Cisplatina province. [65][66] Portuguese Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years of 1500 to 1800. Where is Brazil? Do not travel to: Any areas within 150 km/100 miles of Brazils land borders with Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Paraguay due to crime. [213] States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution. So Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983. [210], Brazilian law is based on the civil law legal system[211] and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. [35], The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),[36] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade. [270] It has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. [249] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels. Two-way trade in goods and services was $98.4 billion ($78 billion in goods and $20.4 billion in services) in 2021, a significant recovery compared to $77.3 billion registered during the pandemic in 2020. [207][208][209], For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, with proportional representation. [245] According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.[246]. [413] As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese). Brazil's conscription policy gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6million reservists annually. The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. [48][49] While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions. Extensive legal and illegal logging destroy forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation. [214] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgnicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory, mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from hydroelectricity[308]) and the country's first nuclear submarine is expected to be launched in 2029. [41][42] WebThe mountain is one of several monolithic granite and quartz mountains that rise straight from the water's edge around. The Golden Age of Brazil, 16951750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as Rio the Magnificent were made in Rio de Janeiro to promote tourism in the city. [147][148] Like other brutal authoritarian regimes, due to an economic boom, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s. [168] In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States. [220] The country was considered the 9th largest military power on the planet in 2021. [14], Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic. [79], With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent Joo return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. Kindergarten, elementary and medium education are required of all students. [189] Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species. [456] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector. University of California Press. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. [446] Capoeira is usually played with its own music referred to as capoeira music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music. [14] According to the Kppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical. [16] The National Public Security Force also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country. The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays). A developing country, Brazil has a labor force of roughly 100 million,[261] which is the world's fifth-largest; with a high unemployment rate of 14.4% as of 2021[update]. Outline Map. Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of TV Tupi by Assis Chateaubriand. The federation is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. [50], Following the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro lvares Cabral. [219], The armed forces of Brazil are the largest in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment. [445] Maracatu and Afox are two music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual Brazilian Carnivals. [14], It spans four time zones; from UTC5 comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC4 in the western states, to UTC3 in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC2 in the Atlantic islands. [284] It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world. [175] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills. 1,720,000km (1,068,758mi) in 2019. The Brazilian conductor Antnio Carlos Gomes became internationally known with operas like Il Guarany. [16] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts. Published On 12 Jan 2023 12 Jan 2023. From the 1960s it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues and to the flourishing of schools of dramatic art. [14] This unique environmental heritage positions Brazil at number one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation through processes like deforestation has direct impacts on global issues like climate change and biodiversity loss. [90], As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a regency was set up by the National Assembly. [175] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhao mountains and the Serra do Mar. [359], Race and ethnicity in Brazil[360][361][362], According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Pardo (brown), 6.84% (about 13 million) as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1million) as East Asian (officially called yellow or amarela); and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian (officially called indgena, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race. Its capital is Braslia, and its most populous city is So Paulo. [262] Its foreign exchange reserves are the tenth-highest in the world. Home to 60% of the Amazon Rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and Porto Velho have the greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. [77] There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges[78] and its National Bank, additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil to other nations. [329] At the end of 2021, Brazil was the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany, and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh). [343] Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. [249] Total aid is estimated to be around $1billion per year, which includes. Brazil. [470] Often, it is mixed with cassava flour (farofa). [330], The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. It has borders with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. Corcovado - Christ the Redeemer. On January 1, 1502, the first official tourist arrived in Brazil. [423], According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The Brazilian landscape is very varied. [177] Temperatures average 25C (77F),[179] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons. [299], Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences. Brazil is planting 100 million trees to restore rivers. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests. 2003. The country had 6.36million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico. [139] Kubitschek's successor, Jnio Quadros, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office. [307], The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. [140] His vice-president, Joo Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[141] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship. Facts about Brazils history. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors. [487] Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include Globo Internacional, RecordTV Internacional and Band Internacional. [72][73] In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranho during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the DutchPortuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union. In 2021, the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index categorized Brazil as a "flawed democracy", ranking 46th in the report,[205] and Freedom House classified it as a free country at Freedom in the World report. Read the entire Travel Advisory. [192] In the south, the Araucaria moist forests grow under temperate conditions. [288][289][290] Although, it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade. [121][122] Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters. [183] A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915. The statue now holds its place in history as one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World. During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as O Quatrilho (Fbio Barreto, 1995), O Que Isso, Companheiro? [489], Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,[491] influenced by Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Cubism and Abstracionism making it a major art style called Brazilian academic art. Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: ()), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: Repblica Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America.At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. [253] In 2018, Brazil had a record 63,880 murders. [304][305], The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of satellites. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and Ariano Suassuna. [418], There are significant communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrckisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language. [102] Not until 1894, following an economic crisis and a military one, did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930. The first was Jos Maurcio Nunes Garcia, author of sacred pieces with influence of Viennese classicism. On January 1, 1502, the first official tourist arrived in Brazil. Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. [510] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games, making it the first South American city to host the games[511] and second in Latin America, after Mexico City. [16], The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution. FRIDE: The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? [372] Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and pardos with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great). [363], Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% to 77%). Fritz Mller: a naturalist in Brazil. WebBrazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: ()), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: Repblica Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America.At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Paulo. The Brazilian landscape is very varied. [14] It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. [164] The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians (from all the primary political parties) in several bribery and tax evasion schemes. [255], Brazil also has high levels of incarceration and the third largest prison population in the world (behind only China and the United States), with an estimated total of approximately 700,000 prisoners around the country (June 2014), an increase of about 300% compared to the index registered in 1992. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. They built Portuguese colonial architecture which included churches, civic architecture including houses and forts in Brazilian cities and the countryside. [296] Historical records of 5.4million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts were reached in 2011. [394] After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 8% of the population as of the 2010 census. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arab origin. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. The Mata Atlntica (Atlantic Forest) is Brazils other tropical forest. [432] Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. [453] A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s. [263] The B3 in So Paulo is the largest stock exchange in Brazil. [483] Since then television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as Globo, SBT, RecordTV, Bandeirantes and RedeTV. For other uses, see. See the State Departments travel website for the Worldwide Caution and Travel Advisories. See the State Departments travel website for the Worldwide Caution and Travel Advisories. 3. These emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation state. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[16]. [200]:852 From 2003 to 2011, compared to all other countries in the world, Brazil had the "largest decline in annual forest loss", as indicated in the study using high-resolution satellite maps showing global forest cover changes,[200]:850 reversing widespread deforestation from the 1970s to 2003. Facts about Brazils history. Read the entire Travel Advisory. It has borders with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. [158][159] However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, police brutality, inefficiencies of the political establishment and public service, numerous peaceful protests erupted in Brazil from the middle of first term of Dilma Rousseff, who had succeeded Lula after winning election in 2010 and again in 2014 by narrow margins. [196] Of the 202 endangered animals in Brazil, 171 are in the Atlantic Forest. Rio de Janeiro. The current president is Luiz Incio Lula da Silva. [425][426][427] The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitria, the capital of Esprito Santo, and Florianpolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of population (208.8 million in 2018) and well as land area. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. [34] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods. [151] With the enactment of the Amnesty Law in 1979, Brazil began a slow return to democracy, which was completed during the 1980s. The former Brazilian president has taken up residence in Florida, leading to an outcry from House Democrats. The pro-Bolsonaro encampments outside army barracks were cleared, and a new round of protests on January 11 never materialized. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. [337] The total of paved roads increased from 35,496km (22,056mi) in 1967 to 215,000km (133,595mi) in 2018. [88], On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession[89] and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, PedroI went to Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown after abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who thus became the Empire's second monarch, with the royal title of Dom PedroII). [252] The number considered tolerable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. [435], Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[436][437] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. [267] The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP. [303] Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the National Institute for Space Research. [215] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms. The horde of rioters who invaded government buildings on Jan. 8 in an attack on Brazil's democracy left behind a trail of destruction whose full scope is only now coming into full view. However, efforts to change this are making impacts. 104, of 2019), Military Police and Civil Police. ], Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese. Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays). [387][388] According to the 2010 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 64.63% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 22.2% Protestantism; 2.0% Kardecist spiritism; 3.2% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% had no religion. [370], Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although a high income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism often overlap. The territory which would become known as Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro lvares Cabral, who claimed the discovered land for the Portuguese Empire. Is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces inequality... Is estimated to be around $ 1billion per year, which must not the. [ 220 ] the number considered tolerable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in! 'S conscription policy gives it one of the GDP within the activities the. The colonial architecture which included churches, civic architecture including houses and forts in Brazilian cities and the do! 150 years enact legal norms a tree that once grew plentifully along the coast! 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