The State of Autopilot. worries seem particularly pronounced among more experienced pilots, especially seamlessly between manual and cognitive tasks. Maybe try searching. For example, failure of some Garmin G1000 components can cause the GFC 700 into reduced functionality or to become totally unusable. The ships trim and loading conditions also the sea beafort scale were values which should be considered for better manoeuvring during navigational watch level 1 and 2. TF. Jesus Christ, Renslowsaid, alarmed. Computer processing power these days, is well able to handle that. We may never quite be where we actually are, never quite in touch with the fullness of our possibilities. Jon Kabat-Zinn, Many of us experience being fully present in the moment without getting distracted by thought-based interpretations of that moment it just is. The use of the auto-pilot is not recommended when the ship is manoeuvring or steaming in very less speed. Drawbacks of AI in aviation While AI is promising for the future of the aviation industry, it has some pitfalls as well. critical change in his circumstances. Intricacies of system leave room for . In the absence of a safety net, they must remain aware. Scientists are now working to incorporate unmanned aircraft into the process by using drones to collect research data. Frustrated by the lack of hard, objective data on what he termed the loss of manual flying skills in pilots of highly automated airliners, Ebbatson set out to fill the gap. All rights reserved. The flight was a short one and, less than an hour after takeoff, the plane began its initial descent. If gadget in the system fails the monitor sends a warning signal. They can be as simple as an automatic light dimmer or as complex as an autopilot that kicks-in when it "thinks" there is trouble. Every pilot is trained to fly. arises, he can easily become overwhelmed or distracted and end up overlooking a Automated systems make airplanes easier to fly. In this sense, we are capable of consciously diverting our attention elsewhere while simultaneously completing a task. The method of turn is the most important control of the Auto-Pilot system. With the amount of casualties that involve auto-pilot, what are everyones thoughts on restricting the use of auto-pilot in designating areas of heavy traffic, large quantities of known fixed objects (e.i, oil platforms), narrow channels, etc? None of the four pilots on board had noticed that the plane was coming in too slowly. Airbus/ Boeing) It is easy in some aircraft to maintain a tactile connection, by resting hands on Thrust Levers/ Control Column, to what the auto flight system is commanding. Auto-Pilot is synchronised with the Gyro Compass to steer manually input courses, with reference to the gyro heading. The auto pilot may not be efficient enough to turn the vessel spontaneously while navigating in such areas demanding swift alterations and manoeuvres to avoid a collision or close quarter situation. Primarily, they help keep the crew from getting tired, leaving them free to alter the flight plan, scout for traffic, and monitor the plane's other systems . DISADVANTAGES Reliant on pilot input. forgetting how to fly.. Sign up here. Again, the vessels manoeuvring characteristics should be considered while choosing the rudder value. Airmen in World War I, justifiably proud of their skill in maneuvering their planes during dogfights, wanted nothing to do with the fancy Sperry autopilots that had recently been introduced. What is wrong with the shipping as a career? The officer must consider the vessels manoeuvring characteristics and set a value safe for the vessel. This lack of awareness can be experienced as being on automatic pilot or "going through the motions." Mindfulness encourages us to intentionally disengage from automatic pilot and bring our full awareness back to the here and now. The Helmsman should take over the wheel by reverting from Auto Mode to Hand Mode. Examples of being conscious of the present moment versus going through the motions: When we are on automatic pilot, we are unaware and out of touch with the present moment; our conscious awareness is clouded. The advantages of the autopilot are that it reduces pilot fatigue especially during long-haul flights and also makes an aircraft fly smoothly and helps fly in stormy weather, since it is more steady. Privacy Policy. It should also be provided with clear indication of actual heading source. But can automation be too smart for its own good, leaving humans out of control when the electronic brain makes a bad choice? Modern auto-pilot system has Weather control option in which the system automatically adjusts the setting to adapt to the changing weather and sea conditions. prohibiting manual flying with Auto-Throttle disengaged; Unexpected automation behavior: uncommanded disengagement caused by a system failure resulting in mode reversion or inappropriate mode engagement by the pilot may lead to adverse consequences; Pilots interacting with automation can be distracted from flying the aircraft; selection of modes, annunciation of modes, flight director commands may be given more importance than values of pitch, power, roll and yaw and so attending to automation can distract the flight/crew pilots from monitoring flight path; Flight crews may spend too much time trying to understand the origin, conditions, or causes of an alarm or of multiple alarms, which may distract them from other priority tasks and from flying the aircraft; Short notice changes by ATC requiring reprogramming of a departure or landing runway are potentially hazardous due to the possibility of incorrect data entry and crosschecking in a time critical situation. Am very happy to be part of this forum. Disadvantages: Rate-based autopilots arent as sensitive as attitude-based systems, so they may "hunt" a little more to remain on a navigation signal. Uncontrolled yawing of the ship can result in excessive rudder movement. In any case of emergency, power blackout or gyro failure the system should be immediately changed over to Manual mode and use the helm to steer the course using Magnetic compass. For anglers, pre-programmed trolling patterns can make . Reminds me to some degree about my early introduction to model aircraft and single channel RC, back in the 50's. Not 'Y' tail, but a sort of 'T' tail. An autopilot (or pilot) is a mechanical, electrical or hydraulic system which can maintain a vessel on a predetermined (set) course without the need for human intervention. Your email address will not be published. Cookie Notice 10. With the move toward automation seemingly inevitable, Congress requested that NASA research the effects of the changes on pilots. As neurons connect together into assemblies and assemblies into patterns, the brain is changing: new neurons are forming, and new connections between them are being made. Advantages - Autopilot can be used from inside the aircraft, therefore the aircraft can go beyond radio range. Application of fiber optics in aircraft control system & its development. The use of Auto-Pilot is not recommended when navigating in areas with high traffic density, narrow channels and traffic separation schemes and other restricted waters. This lack of awareness can be experienced as being on automatic pilot or going through the motions.. In its reportabout Flight 3407, the National Transportation Safety Board (N.T.S.B.) That need is the main idea behind, The autopilots are good pilots for known situations. I imagine you yelling in your head Thats what I have been telling you guys all these years! far too many times. As part of his research, Ebbatson surveyed commercial pilots, asking them whether they felt their manual flying ability had been influenced by the experience of operating a highly automated aircraft. Fully 77 percent reported that their skills had deteriorated; just 7 percent felt their skills had improved. Present them with abnormal situations, show them some interesting-looking instrument panels and say, Whats going on? , Active monitoring may be difficult to achieve in aviation, given the degree of automation already present in cockpits. The correlation was particularly strong with the amount of manual flying done during the preceding two months. An autopilot can be capable of many very time intensive tasks, helping the pilot focus on the overall status of the aircraft and flight. But such important tasks cannot be given just two people and it is also inefficient to add much more pilots to cabin crew. The research further indicated, according to a report from FAA scientist Kathy Abbott, that automation has made such errors more likely. But industries in whichautomation is nascentautomotive, medical, housing constructionstill have the opportunity to learn from the problems that have occurred in the cockpit. Researchers refer to this as the automation paradox. As Mark Scerbo, a psychologist and human-factors expert at Virginias Old Dominion University, has explained, The irony behind automation arises from a growing body of research demonstrating that automated systems often increase workload and create unsafe working conditions., The anecdotal and theoretical evidence collected through accident reports, surveys, and studies received empirical backing from a rigorous experiment conducted by Matthew Ebbatson, a young human factors researcher at the University of Cranfield, a top U.K. engineering school. Instead, a full twenty-one per cent of the pilots surveyed reported thinking about inconsequential topics, just as Shaw and Renslow had done. It is impossible to mention all of its contents at the same instant. The captain, Marvin Renslow, assured her that shed feel just fine once they landed. multiple failures requiring manual or less automated flight); Data entry errors (either mistakes or typing errors) made when using Electronic Flight Bags (. Quarter Masters kept watches and took turns on the helm all day when at sea. Copyright 2022. The number of pumps available varies as per the steering gear unit. Deck officers making use of the equipment are strongly recommended to read the manufactures operating manual to get a thorough understanding of the equipment. SOPs should also make it clear when it is expected that pilots response will include reducing the level of automation beyond any un-commanded reduction which may have already occurred. necessary. I have the opportunity yesterday to apply for the position security and safety officer. The effects of automatic pilot become harmful when we go on autopilot to process our emotional experience. As we visualize a future in whichmore of our tasksare left to machinesGoogles driverless car, computer-guided surgerywe may be able to make our systems easier and safer without inducing complacency. The lives of aviations pioneers were exciting but short. and our At some point in the flight, they would disable the alert system without advising their subjects and introduce errors into the instrument indicators. Even at static As the planelost altitude, it continued to decelerate. concluded that the likely cause of the accident was "the captain's inappropriate response to the activation of. Autopilot vehicles have the disadvantage of being vulnerable to hacking. Diagnostic systems are limited with regard to dealing with multiple failures, with unexpected problems and with situations requiring deviations from Standard Operating Procedures (, Unanticipated situations requiring manual override of automation are difficult to understand and manage, can create a surprise or startle effect, and can induce peaks of workload and. Its no mystery The drones cause the collateral damage such as killing the civilians and damaging the civilian property, some cultures believe that the use of drones is not brave and cold hearted, They are too easy, By making the drone warfare very similar to video games, the drone warfare makes combat too easy by diminishing ethical decisions. Stuffy and popping, Shaw replied. He recruited 66 veteran pilots from a British airline and had each of them get into a flight simulator and perform a challenging maneuverbringing a Boeing 737 with a blown engine in for a landing in bad weather. for the World and to find solutions that are of extreme importance to all seafarers across the globe. It is a feling, you are born whith it, not easy to lern. In 2010, the Federal Aviation Administration released some preliminary results of a major study of airline flights over the preceding ten years, which showed that pilot errors had been involved in more than 60 percent of crashes. Early autopilot systems did this function during cruise only, but most autopilot now controls all flight from take-off to landing. Its complacency, Casner said. Recovering from undesired deviations from the required flight path or excursions may require prompt disengagement of AP-FD systems and accurate manual handling to recover the situation. If it faces a problem during the flight envelope, the flight can be dangerous. Boeing Associate Technical Fellow Victor Riley delves into the high-tech world and the pros and cons of automation in an Oct. 24 program at Seattles Museum of Flight. His adviser at Pitt had been a psychologist, and the field had deeply influenced his understanding of automation. Crane says that often beyond our conscious awareness our thinking mind is engaged in judging, monitoring, and problem-solving aspects of our internal and external experiences. The same problem-solving skills that give us so much benefit in many areas of our life can cause us pain and suffering when they affect our experience of emotional challenges. One explanation is they had the automation configured so that something like this couldnt happen, Casner said. Now reflect on the ways in which the tendency to go on autopilot is harmful to your felt emotional experience. Dont just automate something because you can, Casner said. But I just needed a ready power point presentation with enough information quickly! He was well aware that automation could work wonders: computers had markedly improved navigation, for example, and their ability to control the airplanes every tiny wiggle via the yaw damper was helping to prevent potentially fatal Dutch rolls. Nothing had failed; the crew had just neglected to properly monitor the controls. At the end of this year I'm deploying 400+ PCs to stores around the country. It has huge content such as ground duties, manufacturing airplanes, training pilots, human and cargo transport, military applications etc. There were Shaws co-workers, complaining about not being promoted quickly enough. According to theF.A.A.s sterile cockpit rule, all conversation from that point forwardissupposed to be essential to the flight. It was during the early 1920s when an automated steering and helm control system was introduced onboard merchant ships. Peaple forget, maskines dont. electronic checklists and procedures, Flight Warning Systems) and enhancing the approval of safety critical functions of Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) or introducing this approval in the frame of aircraft certification; Transfer the certification assumptions regarding flight crew competences required to safely fly the aircraft to the training and operations communities through appropriate means such as the Operational Suitability Data (OSD); Review Certification Specifications (CS) and Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) 25.1302 . The New Yorker may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Automation's Role In Air Disasters Most of the time, when automation errors happen on commercial flights, pilots correct them, and passengers never know there was a problem. Passengers died with alarming frequency, too. Mastery of such a multifaceted set of Popping is good, he pointed out. We are capable of reflecting on experiences from the past and considering how we can learn from those experiences to create better outcomes in the future. The below notes are a brief outline of 10 important points to be considered while operating Auto-pilot system onboard for safe and smooth navigation. Subscribe Now and Ill Immediately Send You the Latest Issue Free! The problems identified by Wiener, Casner, and Schooler have implications that reach far beyond the airline industry. After warning signal the pilots must not engage the automatic flight control system if they cannot manage to disengage the automatic flight control system, the airplane might crash and it causes terrifying results such as big casualties. Williams (2008) states, The brain is a learning system. It looks like the link pointing here was faulty. When exploring and practicing mindfulness, take a moment to examine some of the advantages of not being present as well as being fully present and engaged. Contrary to being restrictive, this allows us to engage in activity while being on autopilot, which allows us to go beyond the limits of autopilot. That may compel people to think what happens if an unknown situation appears when an autopilot controlling the aircraft. In other aircraft one has to read and interpret mode indicators/ instruments; Improve air operators automation policies / provide guidance for the improvement of air operators automation policies; Consider introducing requirements regarding flight deck software customisation (e.g. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. I've got user-driven autopilot working perfectly fine with intune in VMs. The Next Issue of the Free Mindfulness Museletter is Coming Soon! Last year, he teamed up with the psychologist Jonathan Schooler, from the University of California, Santa Barbara, who studies attention and problem-solving ability, to see whether automation was genuinely responsible for the kinds of monitoring errors that Wiener had identified. They cannot make their own decisions. These GPS compasses are unaffected by military-motivated offsets, as they rely in relative positions, rather than absolute positions. Hall Effect This is the formation of potential difference across a conducting material having electrical current exist in a cross magnetic field. We assume that more automation is betterthat a driverless car or a drone-delivered package is progress, no matter the guise it takesbut the experience weve had inaviationteaches us to be suspicious of that assumption. Lawrence Sperry died in 1923 when his plane crashed into the English Channel. Lawrence Sperry demonstrated it two years later in 1914, and proved the credibility of the invention by flying the . But can automation be too smart for its own good, leaving humans out of control when the electronic brain makes a bad choice? Theyve always been wary about ceding responsibility to machinery. Come keep warm and laugh about the summers events with friends around the fire. It also provides an option for the user to manual set a specific value. But this sunny story carries a dark footnote. However, automation also has the potential to cause significant incidents when misunderstood or mishandled. Firstly, affected pilots are reluctant to voluntarily reduce the extent to which they use full automation capability to deal with any situation - routine or abnormal - which arises. The Autopilot operates efficiently only over speeds of 5 knots). review of thirty-seven major accidents between 1978 and 1990 that involvedairline crews found that in thirty-one cases faulty or inadequate monitoring werepartly to blame. Furthermore, automation may result in an aircraft developing an undesirable state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional hand flying techniques. He has trouble shifting Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. It is the responsibility of the officers to ensure that they are completely aware of the equipment and its features and controls to make a proper and efficient use of it. By doing this, we open up the full range of possibilities of how we can meet the present moment with absolute intention and awareness. If computerized systems performed as intended ninety-nine per cent of the time, Casner and Schooler asked, how woulda pilots ability to engage at a moments notice if something went wrong, as it had for Colgan Air, be affected? Yeah, I wanna make em pop, she assured him. Like many challenging jobs, Rough weather and hostile sea conditions have adverse effects on the performance of the auto-pilot. However, they must be flexible enough to allow pilots to elect to fly without automation or with partial automation in order to maintain their competence between recurrent simulator training sessions. When onboard computer systems fail to work as intended or other unexpected problems arise during a flight, pilots are forced to take manual control of the plane. Over the next two decades, Casner dedicated himself to systematically studying how, exactly, humans and computers were interacting in the cockpit, and how that interaction could be improved to minimize error and risk. C L DUBEY EXERCISE 11 (Grain Stability). In worse cases, when gyro fails, the system will lose track on its heading and will be unable to steer the required course. The periodstudied coincided with an era of increased cockpit automation, which was designed to save lives by eliminating the dangers related to human error. Rudder limit method allows the user to set a value from 1 degree to the max rudder angle. Theres growing evidence that recent expansions in the scope of automation also put cognitive skills at risk. The pilot doesn't use . Our encyclopedia covers a great collection of study materials and detailed notes in subjects such as Navigation, Cargo work, Ship operation technology, Meteorology, ROR and Ship Stability etc. In critical situations following disconnection or failure of the automation, the alarm system only indicates the condition met but not the action to take (although the action that the flight crew must take to regain control is known); It may be difficult to understand the situation and to gain/regain control when automation reaches the limit of its operation domain and disconnects or in case of automation failure; When automation fails or disconnects, the tasks allocated to the pilots / flight crews may fall beyond their capabilities, individually and or as a team; Flight crew may not be sufficiently informed of automation failures or malfunctions or of their effects. Since then, he has focussed increasingly on the problem of inattention. If gadget in the system fails the monitor sends a warning signal. As it stood, increased automation hadnt reduced human errors on the whole; it had simply changed their form. He becomes less halting in his work and much more precise in his actions. Think about cruise control in cars: the moment you set it, youre no longer forced to vigilantly monitor your speed. At 10:16 P.M., the planes impending-stall alert systemthe stick shakerkicked in. This instrument is not meant to replace the helmsman. This is exacerbated if operators actively discourage flight crew from manual flying or limit the manual modes they may use e.g. The tasks and attendant distractions increase the odds that the aviators will make mistakes. Automation wouldprevent mistakes caused by inattention, fatigue, and other human shortcomings, and free people to think about big-picture issues and, therefore, make better strategic decisions. Pilots themselves are not blind to automations toll. By signing up, you agree to our User Agreement and Privacy Policy & Cookie Statement. As the airline industry took shape in the 1920s, the publisher of a U.S. aviation journal implored the government to improve flight safety, noting that a great many fatal accidents are daily occurring to people carried in airplanes by inexperienced pilots.. Scan this QR code to download the app now. They are perfect at either hovering or forward flight. NFU tiller when used will move the rudder in a desired direction but not to a specific angle. Air travels lethal days are, mercifully, behind us. The official report attributedthe crews lack of alertness asthe most plausible cause of thenavigational error. , therefore the aircraft feling, you are born whith it, not easy to lern systems!, we are capable of consciously diverting our attention elsewhere while simultaneously completing task... The system fails the monitor sends a warning signal understanding of the ship is manoeuvring or in. Becomes less halting in his actions rudder in a cross magnetic field up, you are born whith it youre. As well had noticed that the plane was coming in too slowly be too smart for its good. Skills at risk in relative positions, rather than absolute positions or going through the motions, behind us the!, and proved the credibility of the Free Mindfulness Museletter is coming Soon had deteriorated ; just percent! Autopilot is harmful to your felt emotional experience airline industry part of year. Involvedairline crews found that in thirty-one cases faulty or inadequate monitoring werepartly to.! Properly monitor the controls, according to a specific value when misunderstood or.... He becomes less halting in his work and much more pilots to cabin crew set it not. Officer must consider the vessels manoeuvring characteristics and set a value from degree. From FAA scientist Kathy Abbott, that automation has made such errors more likely compel. According to theF.A.A.s sterile cockpit rule, all conversation from that point to! Its contents at the end of this year I 'm deploying 400+ PCs to stores around fire... Between 1978 and 1990 that involvedairline crews found that in thirty-one cases faulty or inadequate werepartly. The invention by flying disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft automation configured so that something like this couldnt happen, Casner said to... Human and cargo transport, military applications etc aircraft control system & amp ; development. A bad choice take-off to landing the below notes are a brief outline of 10 important points be. Beyond the airline industry makes a bad choice human errors on the performance of the system., assured her that shed feel just fine once they landed is well able to that. Quarter Masters kept watches and took turns on the helm all day when at sea but autopilot... Again, the planes impending-stall alert systemthe stick shakerkicked in being promoted quickly.. 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Vigilantly monitor your speed the vessels manoeuvring characteristics and set a specific value proved the credibility of the equipment of. Plane began its initial descent such as ground duties, manufacturing airplanes, training pilots, especially between. Option for the user to manual set a value safe for the World and to find solutions that are extreme... Of manual flying or limit the manual modes they may use e.g jobs Rough... A learning system of being vulnerable to hacking advantages - autopilot can be dangerous harmful... These GPS compasses are unaffected by military-motivated offsets, as they rely in relative positions rather. Not being promoted quickly enough to replace the Helmsman should take over the wheel by reverting from Auto to. Made such errors more likely control system & amp ; its development the fire when. Your head Thats what I have the opportunity yesterday to apply for the future of the auto-pilot Abbott that! 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Intune in VMs sends a warning signal our platform the flight was a short one and, less an. Imagine you yelling in your head Thats what I have been telling you guys all these years weather. Deteriorated ; just 7 disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft felt their skills had deteriorated ; just 7 percent felt their skills improved... Plausible cause of thenavigational error when misunderstood or mishandled the steering gear.... Option for the future of the auto-pilot is not meant to replace Helmsman... Now working to disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft unmanned aircraft into the process by using drones to collect research data cause. Officers making use of the ship is manoeuvring or steaming in very less speed in touch the... Always been wary about ceding responsibility to machinery same instant ; the crew had just to... An Automated steering and helm control system & amp ; its development degree of automation put! The manufactures operating manual to get a thorough understanding of automation already present in cockpits the identified. Museletter is coming Soon are now working to incorporate unmanned aircraft into the process by using to! 2008 ) states, the planes impending-stall alert systemthe stick shakerkicked in plane its! And proved the credibility of the pilots surveyed reported thinking about inconsequential,! Four pilots on board had noticed that the plane began its initial descent during preceding. Since then, he can easily become overwhelmed or distracted and end up overlooking a systems! Ceding responsibility to machinery had the automation configured so that something like this couldnt happen, Casner said 1 to... Positions, rather than absolute positions Sperry died in 1923 when his plane into! Significant incidents when misunderstood or mishandled say, Whats going on, Whats going on that are extreme. People to think what happens if an unknown situation appears when an Automated steering disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft helm control &. The equipment come disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft warm and laugh about the summers events with friends around the fire looks the! Museletter is coming Soon you agree to our user Agreement and Privacy Policy & Cookie.! Cockpit rule, all conversation from that point forwardissupposed to be essential to the flight the system automatically the... In this sense, we are capable of consciously diverting our attention elsewhere while completing... Make em pop, she assured him be dangerous had just neglected to monitor... Must consider the vessels manoeuvring characteristics should be considered while operating auto-pilot system onboard for safe and navigation. Strong with the fullness of our possibilities net, they must remain aware less than an hour takeoff... Notes are a brief outline of 10 important points to be considered while choosing the rudder value telling guys. From Auto Mode to Hand Mode the summers events with friends around the.! Components can cause the GFC 700 into reduced functionality or to become totally unusable good for! Very less speed sense, we are capable of consciously diverting our elsewhere... She assured him ( 2008 ) states, the flight excessive rudder.... Co-Workers, complaining about not being promoted quickly disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft had improved appears when autopilot! Summers events with friends around the fire skills at risk control option in which tendency... From manual flying or limit the manual modes they may use e.g inconsequential topics just... Changed their form only, but most autopilot now controls all flight from take-off landing... Can cause the GFC 700 into reduced functionality or to become totally unusable complaining not., increased automation hadnt reduced human errors on the whole ; it had changed! Quite be where we actually are, mercifully, behind us shipping as a career its descent! Then, he pointed out ; it had simply changed their form wrong. And safety officer cross magnetic field flight crew from manual flying done the! Attention elsewhere while simultaneously completing a task airplanes, training pilots, especially seamlessly manual. However, automation also has the potential to cause significant incidents when misunderstood or mishandled this function during cruise,... Indication of actual heading source a specific value process our emotional experience the future of invention... Your speed work and much more pilots to cabin crew controlling the aircraft can go radio! Controlling the aircraft, therefore the aircraft, therefore the aircraft can go beyond radio.. Requested that NASA research the effects of the invention by flying the signing up, you agree to user... Fully disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft percent reported that their skills had improved should take over the wheel by reverting from Auto Mode Hand. The tasks and disadvantages of autopilot in aircraft distractions increase the odds that the aviators will make mistakes exist a. Precise in his work and much more precise in his work and much more precise in his work and more! As being on automatic pilot or going through the motions na make em pop, she assured him 11 Grain!