INTRODUCTION: Annabelle Sreberny Social context and sexuality 2. The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to hajj, Khomeini said "it is a cause of joy that all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". And suddenly nothing. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $1billion from oil revenue; his family including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $5 and $20billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $3billion. [322], Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $90.392billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015. [115] In addition, it was the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people.[109]. [6], The Shah decided to continue on his plan of liberalization and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still-nascent protest movement:[109][110][111][116] he promised that fully democratic elections for the Majlis would be held in 1979; censorship was relaxed; a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government;[111] and protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military court-martials and were quickly released. In January 1979, in what was officially described as a vacation, the shah and his family fled Iran. [142][145], Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a Vatican-like state in the holy city of Qom, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini". He stood as the voice for the Shiite community and spoke up about how the shahs policies contradicted what the Shiite community believed in. [250] Despite these and other assassinations[204] the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. Khomeini attacked the MEK, referring to them as monafeqin (hypocrites) and kafer (unbelievers). [308] Additionally, women achieved the right to vote in 1963. Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government. [6][20][101][116], On 6 November, the Shah dismissed Sharif-Emami from the post of prime minister, and chose to appoint a military government in its place. The members of the Bah Faith have been declared heretical and subversive. Iran, also known as Persia, is widely considered to be one of the cradles of civilization. [19][109][111][112], On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. The United Kingdom helped Reza Shah Pahlavi establish a monarchy in 1921. Historically, tradition maintained that women be confined to their homes so that they could manage the household and raise children. [9][101][132] The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders. The Iranian Revolution changed Iran in many ways, especially in the day-to-day lives of its citizens. Ten days later, on February 11, Irans armed forces declared their neutrality, effectively ousting the shahs regime. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. See disclaimer. Particularly controversial was the replacement of Islamic laws with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes, and veiling of women's faces with the niqab. After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. Nationalization of the oil industry, wresting it from British control, was a major boost to Irans economy, with greater job prospects for many, including women. [111], However, the government still continued the policy of appeasement and negotiation. On September 8 the regime imposed martial law, and troops opened fire against demonstrators in Tehrn, killing dozens or hundreds. The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. [18], The Cultural Revolution Headquarters was established June 12, 1980, and charged by Ayatollah Khomeini with making sure that the cultural policy of the universities was based on Islam, that selected professors were "efficient, committed and vigilant," and dealing with other issues relevant to the Islamic academic revolution. This loss of job skills and capital weakened Iran's economy. According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include: Researcher Emad al-Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 197879, a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979. [248] Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.[249]. [16], The Cultural Revolution united the theological schools in Qom with state universities and brought secular teachers to Qom for a time. Will the royal family finally be able to return to their home? From early 1979 to either 1982 or 1983 Iran was in a "revolutionary crisis mode. [6], When news of the Shah's departure was announced, there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country. Those who did not make it out on time or refused to leave knew they would be arrested or even killed. Angered, Bakhtiar made a speech of his own. [27] In addition to these, the Iranian Revolution sought the spread of Shia Islam across the Middle East through the ideological tenets of Khomeinism particularly as a means of uprooting the region's status quo, which favoured Sunni Islam. [296] Population growth was first encouraged, but discouraged after 1988. In January 1978, incensed by what they considered to be slanderous remarks made against Khomeini in Eelt, a Tehrn newspaper, thousands of young madrasah (religious school) students took to the streets. [6] While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of ifsad-fi-alarz and moharebeh by the revolutionary courts. Regarding the May 17 Arts & Style review of the Hirshhorn exhibit Shirin Neshat: Facing History [Its written all over their faces]: The shah of Iran tried to control the uprising of various Marxist groups, somesupported by the Soviets (who would soon invade Irans next-door neighbor Afghanistan), and the oppressive fundamentalist mullahs. [308] However, the push-back of the Shii clerics made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy in order to accommodate the clerics. One law lowered the age of marriage for girls to eight years old, and another gave fathers the right of child custody in the case of a divorce. Will the Islamic republic be overthrown? [120], As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular National FrontKarim Sanjabi, Shahpour Bakhtiar, and Dariush Forouharwere allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of Iran. ( Mario De Biasi/Mondadori/Getty Images) Iranian men and women enjoy a stroll along a busy commercial strip in 1950s Tehran. The case of Iran is no exception. Non-Muslims were required to refrain from behavior `offensive to Muslims,` and were excluded from all fields of study except accounting and foreign languages. Will this revolution take things back to the way they were during the monarchy? Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. His eventual arrest sparked antigovernment riots, specifically against what the shah was implementing. "[15], Outside of the universities, the Cultural Revolution affected some non-academic cultural and scientific figures who it publicly denounced, and the broadcasts of Iranian radio and television, which were now limited to religious and official programs. Indian American CEOs exemplify countries shared ambitions. [14][101][116], Worse for the Shah was that the Western media, especially the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. "[308] After the revolution, women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered. They were forced out of their homes and had to move to new countries and restart their lives. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by Zionists," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. [171] Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. "[9] Attacks continued April 21 and "the next day at the Universities at Ahwaz and Rasht. Outlets for political participation were minimal, and opposition parties such as the National Front (a loose coalition of nationalists, clerics, and noncommunist left-wing parties) and the pro-Soviet Tdeh (Masses) Party were marginalized or outlawed. Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. [113][101] Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters, while threatening retribution to those who stayed. [102] Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities. Attacks on student groups also took place at Mashad and Isfahan Universities. On 20 January 1953, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother, C.I.A. [1] Hojjatol-Islam Mohammad Khatami was appointed as a member of the High Council for Cultural Revolution[21] in 1996[22][citation needed] and became its head in 1997. Outwardly, with a swiftly expanding economy and a rapidly modernizing infrastructure, everything was going well in Iran. Iran Post-Islamic Revolution's society Government Education Families Religion . Salzman, Philip Carl. [170] Not only participating through voting, women contributed to the revolution through marches, demonstrations and chanting slogans. Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years, rising to prominence after the death of his mentor, renowned scholar Yazdi Ha'iri, in the 1930s. During the shahs reign there had been an increase of women in labor force participation, but following these new religious laws, there was a drastic decrease of women in the workforce. Mohammad Rezas father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, was an army officer who founded the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925 as he became the ruler of Iran. [243] Hezbollahi people attacked meeting places, bookstores, and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists,[244] driving them underground. It increased the power and number of clerics on the Council of Guardians and gave it control over elections[214] as well as laws passed by the legislature. Royal families usually end up being despised for abusing their privileges. It led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic government of Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. [95], In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president, Jimmy Carter, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the Red Cross to visit prisons. He produced a number of writings in Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics, but what made him best known among the people of Iran was his opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and everything he was doing. Weeks later -- on Jan. 16 1979 -- the Shah fled the country. Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict,[198] despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini. Pahlavi brought great reforms for women, who could now cast off the chador veil and were encouraged to wear western dress. [137] Even in his years in exile, Khomeini remained relevant in Iran. Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (19511952), Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (19631979), Consolidation of the opposition (FebruaryMarch), Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August), Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September), University of Tehran protest (5 November), Appointment of a military government (6 November), Tasu'a and Ashura marches (1011 December), Demoralization of the Army (December, 1978), American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978), Bakhtiar's premiership and Khomeini's return (JanuaryFebruary, 1979), Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979), Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation, Academic literature on women's participation, Establishment of Islamic republic government. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the pastthe intelligentsia and the urban working class. "[237], After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. People accompanying Khomeini from Mehrabad to Behesht Zahra. [6][14][116][133] The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister Amir Abbas-Hoveyda and former SAVAK head Nematollah Nassiri. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch Nasir al-Din Shah granted a concession to British Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years. An economic boom created a widening income gap between the wealthy and the poor, while moves toward a more secular society angered religious traditionalists. The first time I had ever been informed about the Iranian people, under a spotlight that wasnt exclusive to US military action against terrorism, was from the book Persepolis. Stay Connected! Secretary of State Cyrus Vance rejected a military crackdown;[109] he and his supporters believed in the "moderate and progressive" intentions of Khomeini and his circle. People in the shahs regime left their families to escape while they still had a chance to leave. It has resulted in either dismissal or compulsory retirement for veteran university faculty members and their replacement with younger professors more loyal to the Islamic Republic. The council controls the affairs of the universities and their students by supervising the selection of applicants to the university and by controlling the formation of collegiate institutions. [13] Students were screened by committees and those found unfit were not allowed to continue their studies. 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Although I dont agree with the Islamic country because they dont give their women rights, but I understand it because it is their religion. [162] According to the historian Ervand Abrahamian, the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated (8,000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985)[163] exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution. Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution. After some early successes, the Iraqi invasion stalled and was then repelled and by 1982, Iran had recaptured almost all of its territories. [137], As the days of Tasu'a and Ashura (10 and 11 December) approached, in order to prevent a deadly showdown the Shah began to draw back. Religion is a moral, an aspect in life that is, in a sense, a motive to keep on living. [164] According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried and 8,000 to 9,500 Iranians were executed. [109] Although tensions remained in the milieu, the Shah's policy appeared to have worked, leading Amuzegar to declare that "the crisis is over." "[6], In November, secular National Front leader Karim Sanjabi flew to Paris to meet Khomeini. The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, . [10], After shutting down the universities on 12 June 1980,[11] Khomeini issued a letter, stating:[citation needed]. One thing I found alarming about the establishment of an Islamic Republic was the change of the marriage age for women to the age of eight years old. While reading the article I was reminded of Irans history, and how unfortunate womens rights have been granted and then taken away so abruptly. Pre-Revolution Society in Iran Report galcec Apr. Thousands of komiteh or Revolutionary Committees[205] served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property". [135], The protesters demanded that Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi step down from power and that Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini be returned from exile. A student organization of St. Marys University of San Antonio, Texas, featuring scholarly research, writing, and media from students of all disciplines. They were followed by thousands more Iranian youthmostly unemployed recent immigrants from the countrysidewho began protesting the regimes excesses. For the video game based on the events, see, Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978, Iranian 20 Rials coin monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution, Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet, Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. [139], The telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the American cabinet, with some, such as National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski,[139] rejecting it outright. There is a real threat here to be addressed, and I can only hope that strong, concrete reforms can overturn this grim state. [109], The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. Millions poured onto the streets, and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds. [6][109] In order to help create a democratic faade, Khomeini placed Westernized figures (such as Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ebrahim Yazdi) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a theocracy. In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' [109] A few days later, even larger protests took place, and, for the first time, protesters called for Khomeini's return and the establishment of an Islamic republic. [40] When President Carter enacted a human-rights policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and petitions in the hope that the repression by the government might subside. [122][14][109][142], [T]hrough the guardianship [Velayat] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. Several thousand young Bahs between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. Here are photos of Iranian society prior to the 1979 revolution. [103][104] The mourning of Mostafa was given a political cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. [308], The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education. The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards westernization,[60] and it was a way for him to legitimize the Pahlavi dynasty. An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime. [6][14][116], Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in Egypt, never to return. Iranian Revolution, also called Islamic Revolution, Persian Enqelb-e Eslm, popular uprising in Iran in 197879 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. [309] They were encouraged by Ayatollah Khomeini to join him in overthrowing the Pahlavi dynasty. I will not give permission to Ayatollah Khomeini to form an interim government. The students held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days, which played a role in helping to pass the constitution, suppressing moderates, and otherwise radicalising the revolution. "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535. Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had left Iran which spawned rumors of another U.S.backed coup in Iran that would re-install him. [117][139], Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. [181] Despite this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution. https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution, GlobalSecurity.org - Iranian Civil Strife - Coming of the Revolution, International Centre on Non Violent Conflict - The Iranian Revolution (1977-1979). Iran in the early 70's wore bell bottoms, go-go outfits, and crazy patterns, just like some of the hippies in America. Here are photos of Iranian society prior to the 1979 revolution. [6][14], The developments initiated by seminaries closing on 7 January 1978 followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallying towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. These groups, which included clergy, landowners, intellectuals, and merchants, had previously come together in the Constitutional Revolution of 190511. [247], When leaders of the National Front called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for apostasy "if they did not repent". February 11, Irans armed forces declared their neutrality, effectively ousting the shahs policies what! Access to exclusive content to return to their homes and had to move to new countries and restart lives..., women achieved the right to vote in 1963 Religion is a moral, an aspect life! 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