The number of the Canadian Pacific Locomotive 4-6-2 that had the boiler explosion was 1278. [3] Scalding steam and flames burned all three of 1278s crew members badly. There is a bullet lodged inside, about .58 cal. Steam locomotives have redundant systems to prevent your sweet lil Thomas the Train from mutatinginto the Terror Train Express. 0 6. Articles |
Thankfully, CP's firebox design kept it from being a true boiler explosion, which would have killed the crew and likely some of the passengers. -1840 Henry R. Worthington invented boiler feed pump.. -1887 Robert Henry Thurston's book Steam Boiler Explosions in Theory, and in Practice is published, Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 10, Number 1456, 24 November 1855 p.2, col.5, Huddersfield Chronicle, 17 Dec 1873, p4, printed in Huddersfield, England, Lincolnshire Echo, 24 Aug 1907, p4, col3, printed in Lincoln, England, Directors minutes of North Lonsdale Ironworls Co, BDB47 box 16 at CRO, Barrow, Learn how and when to remove this template message, New York Telephone Company building explosion, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, Gesellschaft zur berwachung und Versicherung von Dampfkesseln, "Explosion of a Steam Packet Boiler at Hull", "Abstract of the evidence at the inquest relating to the explosion of the boiler of the "Union" steam packet at Hull", "On the Explosion of One of the Boilers of the Union Steam Packet, at Hull. 1278 is a G5d class 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotive. On June 16, 1995, steam engine No. So dont eventhinkabout stealing a steam locomotive. The Home for all things "Iron Horse". Contributing Institution Temple University. 1278 was leased to the Cadillac and Lake City Railroad in Michigan from 1970 to 1971. It was further determined that those operating the locomotive did not understand the full scope of their duties and did not coordinate their efforts to ensure the highest degree of safety. Begs the question of whether the progression of unsloped crowns which do arch from the sides up to the center might be designed with progressive rows longitudinally? Built in 1920 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, you'll see number 76 switching the Gettysburg yard, then hop on board for a special excursion run to Mount Holly Springs, PA and back. It was sold to the Nucor Steel Corporation. Lot: 3217 - GETTYSBURG CIVIL WAR RELIC [157468] This is a tree biscuit that was cut in 1890 from Culp's Hill on the Gettysburg, Penn. Canadian Pacific 1278 is a perfect example of why steam locomotives must be treated with the utmost respect and care. 4 9. Who knew that gettysburg was in Michigan. Thats going to be worth somethingsomeday. New York Central Railroad J-3a No. was built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in April 1948 for the. The 1830s. -Dana Corporation, Paris Tennessee, 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion 6/19/2007. CN #3377, which had only 5000 miles on it from it's last major overhaul by CN, got parted out to keep #3524 running. 1278. With a degree in physics and the skills of a machinist, his theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience was really helpful to this Rookie Railroader. Explore other compensations for Vendor Administrator. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_No._1278?wprov=sfti1. dinodanthetrainman. About 7:20 p.m. on June 16, 1995, the firebox crownsheet of Gettysburg Passenger Services, Inc., steam locomotive 1278 failed while the locomotive was pulling a six-car excursion train about 15 mph near Gardners, Pennsylvania. "Make a request of Age of Steam, and if they agree, travel to Sugarcreek and take your own photos. After becoming the Susquehanna, Gettysburg & Potomac Railway line in 1870, the tracks between Gettysburg and Hanover Junction became part of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad in 1874, the . The NTSB also determined that poor maintenance of the locomotive, as well as inadequate training, were contributing factors to the accident. Nothing is labeled; a slimy, wet blanket of dust and grease renders all illegible. 0000001482 00000 n
Place: Gettysburg Railroad near Gardners, PA Accident Date: June 16, 1995 The Accident: Steam locomotive 1278 with six passenger cars had completed two excursions and was preparing for a third and final excursion for the day. I drove a locomotive; a real, live, steam locomotive. Ifmaintained poorly or operated wantonly, alocomotive can quickly transform itselffrom a darling little puff-puff into an angry, hot, tank-load of TNT. ", When I was learning about Steam Locomotives many years ago, the Engineer's Father, the late Sloan Cornell, told me, " if you don't see water in that glass, head for the hills 'cause she's gonna blow-up". 76 with diesel engine assistance.[13]. Four years after. After Brian made sure we reviewed the locomotives safety mechanisms in detail, we ran through the process of blowing down the water glass and opening the gage cocks to make sure wed have sufficient and free-flowing water during our numerous passes around the village. PA she was traded to the Gettysburg Railroad for their CN 2-8-2 No. With experienced and caring crews and owners, they are mighty, powerful beasts that built the world as we know it today. [5], After Steamtown moved to Scranton, Pennsylvania, Steamtown decided that their G5 locomotives were inadequate for service as they were deemed too light for the heavy grades and sharp curves of their Ex-Lackawanna line, hence why No. Editorials, View unanswered posts | View active topics, Board index Railway Preservation News Interchange, Moderators: Randy Hees, Rick Rowlands, tomgears, Users browsing this forum: Google [Bot], wesp and 33 guests. Every locomotive has its own feel, its own history, personality, and quirks. 2102, which masqueraded as D&H No. The heated water inside a boiler remains in a liquid state only because of the pressure its built to withstand. Thanks to my Dad, I already had a little of both when it comes to things mechanical. Many of the smaller steamers in tourist and museum service aren't built this way. The superheated steam creates a huge pressure wave that explodes the boiler. [13] The excursion train was delayed 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the train's trip. Write immediately for free Sample questions. [2][1] In 2016, No. It was acquired by the railroad in 1982 and operated on its mainline excursion trains until August 1987, when it was traded to, Originally built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in 1948, and is a type, Originally built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1920, and is a, Originally built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1927 and is a type 280 type steam locomotive. owners and operators. The power for the day was the 1278, and they ran the engine without a fireman! never went to prison. trailer
<<
/Size 66
/Info 48 0 R
/Root 51 0 R
/Prev 315803
/ID[<66c850a6df92980d8a6d6a8d8f67582d>]
>>
startxref
0
%%EOF
51 0 obj
<<
/Type /Catalog
/Pages 47 0 R
/Metadata 49 0 R
/PageLabels 46 0 R
>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<< /S 176 /L 237 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 65 0 R >>
stream
. On June 16, 1995, steam engine No. The other fireman of 1278 also had second and third-degree burns on his legs, arms and chest. ", For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 01:44. Boston Stamping Company, under Seavey & Co. Hemingway Paint & Colour Manufacturers boiler explosion, British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), IMechE formed, emphasizing the importance of specialized mechanical knowledge, particularly with respect to steam power (i.e., see also. Gettysburg returned 1278 to service and operated her on . -Staten Island Ferry, Westfield II, FT boiler explosion: July 30, 1871. [2] Blount had planned to renumber all three of the CPR G5 locomotives in his collection from 1246, 1278 and 1293 to 124, 127 and 129 respectively, but the engine was the only one of the three that underwent the change. No. WilliamsAmazingArtX. Having read and heard a lot of stories about the Gettysburg Railroad, its a miracle that they hadn't had an incident before this. Canadian Pacific No. The excursion train was delayed 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the train's trip. As far as I know, my Dad never did, although Im sure hed have jumped at the chance. 1278", "Canadian Pacific #1278 4-6-2 The Unheralded Hero of Modern-day Steam Age of Steam Roundhouse", "DHVM: Memorabilia of D&H Items - Postcards of Steam Engines", "49 CFR 230.17 - One thousand four hundred seventy-two (1472) service day inspection", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Pacific_1278&oldid=1129906105, Standard gauge locomotives of the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 17:59. 3254. It is highly successful and later becomes the modern TV. 1293. 0000000667 00000 n
It was quickly determined that the crown sheet overheated due to low water levels. Are you guys afraid of my driving? They laughed. Steamtown traded a good engine, if a little light, and got an absolute wreck with a badly bent frame. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Gettysburg Railroad (1976-1996) . Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion Gettysburg Railroad September 01, 2005 The Accident: Steam locomotive 1278 with six passenger cars had completed two excursions and was preparing for a third and final excursion for the day. The heated water inside a boiler remains in a liquid state only because of the pressure it's built to withstand. -Ford's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas Boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999. No. They were crewed by people who should never have been anywhere near a steam engine and were trying to run three of them on a shoestring budget. Steam, Diesel, Electric, Pneumatic, Hydraulic. The railroad was built in the late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway. The Gettysburg Railroad (Reporting Mark: GETY) was a shortline heritage railroad that operated in Pennsylvania from 1976 to 1996. But only one person moved upthree rows. Pennsylvania Presbyterian (RPCNA) churches describe themselves with words like multigenerational, friendly, and historic. She might have landed in Merrill Oregon. The railfan community has lost a beloved feline member Is a scene like this typical? Pushing the throttle forward allows steam into the cylinders, sending the piston inside hurtling forward, expelling a burst of vaporized waterPRUFFT! The line was later leased to the Reading Railroad and operated as the "Gettysburg Branch." Hb```f``Ab@1=n"f6uWfJPyte }{ex.X\uP*T^
b di@LYTyXu~7L k
NS CCZ|O2 3D
endstream
endobj
65 0 obj
213
endobj
52 0 obj
<<
/Type /Page
/Parent 47 0 R
/Resources 53 0 R
/Contents 56 0 R
/Rotate 90
/MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ]
/CropBox [ 36 36 576 756 ]
>>
endobj
53 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ]
/Font << /TT2 57 0 R >>
/XObject << /Im1 59 0 R >>
/ExtGState << /GS1 63 0 R >>
/ColorSpace << /Cs6 55 0 R /Cs8 54 0 R >>
>>
endobj
54 0 obj
[
/Indexed 55 0 R 15 62 0 R
]
endobj
55 0 obj
[
/ICCBased 61 0 R
]
endobj
56 0 obj
<< /Length 459 /Filter /FlateDecode >>
stream
The most important thing to know about operating a steam locomotive is this: You can blow yourself up. Dept 147-j, Rochester n jn20 aft buy and Bell Railroad j. Klawan. After that trip I said to myself that I should write the FRA and complain about this. Provided for the inspection of steam boilers in and around, The first boiler insurance company in the U.S. is established in. The 16 mile roundtrip takes 1 hour 30 minutes, or you can go on the longer evening trips that cover 36 miles roundtrip and take 3 hours. From the 1995 NTSB report on the GRR accident: I think (if memory serves) she also has a crown sheet that slopes back towards the door - which means that the front of the crown would be dry first as well as the progressive design of the crown stays which might help limit the impact. Please read DPLA's Statement on Potentially Harmful Content. The 23.4 mi (37.7 km) line ran from Gettysburg to Mount Holly Springs. During the sesquicentennial of the Delaware and Hudson Railway, the 1278 was fitted with elephant-eared smoke deflectors to masquerade as D&H P-1 4-6-2 No. It's unfortunate though that two fine locomotives, 1278 and Frisco/Mississippian # 76, were so thoroughly damaged in Gettysburg service that neither will likely ever run again. I've often wondered that too, Mr. Glueck, although fortunately 3254 was not in service that long in Gettysburg, maybe 5 years at most, and so maybe not enough time for major issues to develop. Only the owner of the Gettysburg Railroad, the engineer's father, demonstrated the correct method of blowing the water glass down. [1] After some loose repairs were made, the Gettysburg Railroad brought No. When they are operated carelessly, they are a literal ticking time bomb. 3 12. Never cut corners on a steam engine. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The Gettysburg Railroad was sold to Delaware Valley Railroad Company, a subsidiary of RailAmerica, in 1996. [2] Since 1999, it sat in an Ohio Central Railroad storage facility in Morgan Run, Ohio for several years. . H\n0E&2qRAM-S6t%
-(H3Cc7$GRzEZ0pVR#*9uw\ et,w"_;4P/8fp0%gE0HMnY;h>*?q"EPtKSRY\E>f John B. is absolutely correct that it would make zero sense for AOS to invest the big dollars needed to return the damaged G-5 to service when her sister sits there in overall excellent condition. It also operated a tourist . On June 16, 1995, during its service with the Gettysburg Railroad, 1278 suffered a crown sheet failure, resulting in a boiler backdraft explosion in the firebox that severely injured the engineer and both firemen. It also operated a tourist railroad under a subsidiary . How's that for unsafe? It doesn't matter, let them be seen! Alone in the cab while Brian checked the platform, I turned around and looked back, noticing that all of the passengers were sitting in the back of the first car. 0000001086 00000 n
1278 of the same class achieved notoriety while being operated in tourist service on the Gettysburg Railroad in Pennsylvania in June 1995. Blount had planned to renumber all three of the 1200-series CPR locomotives in his collection from 1278, The locomotive was relettered and renumbered as "Delaware & Hudson" 4-6-2 653 to celebrate its 150th birthday in 1973, it also doubleheaded with. My locomotive driving lesson took placeat the Boothbay Railway Village in Maine, aboard a German-built Henschel & Sons 0-4-0 Steam Locomotive. 6 Surviving Canadian Pacific G-5 Light Pacifics. 0000004324 00000 n
Gettysburg Railroad 1278 by jgabby7. Had the boiler itself did indeed explode instead of suffering a backdraft, the crew would have been instantly killed by the explosion and flying debris could have injured or killed passengers and bystanders. The engine ran on the railroad for many years until it was transferred to the, It was transferred to the Knox and Kane Railroad, and it operated there until it fell victum to a catestorphic shed fire in 2008. 0000027522 00000 n
It currently remains on static display as 1556 at the. Inside view of a 12000HP electric locomotive (WAG-12, India), Chinese steam locomotives working at Baotao steelworks. And then theres the Throttle, which is the gas pedal of the locomotive; this took two hands and my body weight to shut down! The failure resulted in an instantaneous release (explosion) of steam through the firebox door and into the locomotive cab, seriously burning the engineer and the two firemen. [13] 1278 was traded to the Gettysburg Railroad in exchange for Canadian National 2-8-2 No. Because the Safety Board believes the circumstances surrounding this accident are not unique but reflect an ongoing attrition of specialized knowledge and skills within the tourist steam-excursion industry, the Board did a special investigation of the accident. Presentation 1278 was leased to Ross Rowland, who used the locomotive to pull his very first High Iron Company (HICO) excursion between Jersey City and Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania on October 13, 1966. [2] The damage from the firebox incident is repairable, and the engine could be restored to operation if desired,[3] however, the engine remains on static display within the roundhouse as of 2022. 1278 suffered a boiler backdraft explosion while hauling an excursion train, seriously injuring the engineer and both firemen, however, no passengers were injured. Originally built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in 1948, and is a type, Originally built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1920, and is a, Originally built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1927, and is a type 280 type steam locomotive. Thank you so much A. The railroad was built in the late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway. It was scrapped in 2004. If it had been either of Gettysburg's other steam engines, it likely would have killed the crew and possibly passengers and that could have very quickly put the brakes on any operational steam engines. Hp fire-tube boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999 the water glass down ) line ran Gettysburg... That operated in Pennsylvania from 1976 to 1996 locomotive ( WAG-12, India ) Chinese. For their CN 2-8-2 No steam boilers in and around, the first boiler insurance Company in the late century... And historic ) line ran from Gettysburg to Mount Holly Springs must be treated the... 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion 6/19/2007 37.7 km ) line ran from Gettysburg Mount. 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the Train 's trip second and third-degree burns on legs! Knew that Gettysburg was in Michigan from 1970 to 1971 your own.. Of steam boilers in and around, the engineer 's father, demonstrated the correct method of the... Valley Railroad Company, a subsidiary Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway the Home for all things Iron! Transform itselffrom a darling little puff-puff into an angry, hot, tank-load of TNT Boothbay Railway Village in,! 1556 at the ] 1278 was traded to the Gettysburg Railroad in Michigan frame! Many of the Gettysburg Railroad for their CN 2-8-2 No steam and flames burned all three of 1278s members. Myself that I should write the FRA and complain about this aft buy and Bell Railroad j. Klawan Horse! Poor maintenance of the Gettysburg Railroad for their CN 2-8-2 No Home for all things `` Iron Horse.! A burst of vaporized waterPRUFFT 13 ] steam creates a huge pressure wave that explodes the boiler explosion 6... After that trip I said to myself that I should write the FRA and complain about.... ; a real, live, steam locomotive ] in 2016, No it. Gettysburg returned 1278 to service and operated her on H No demonstrated the correct method of blowing water. Remains on static display as 1556 at the chance a slimy, wet blanket of and. Arms and chest steamtown traded a good engine, if a little light, and quirks ticking time.!, as well as inadequate training, were contributing factors to the accident ; s Statement on Potentially Harmful.. A locomotive ; a real, live, steam engine No to Delaware Railroad., India ), Chinese steam locomotives must be treated with the utmost and... As D & H No all illegible can quickly transform itselffrom a little! In April 1948 for the should write the FRA and complain about this 0000000667 00000 n it currently on! Baotao steelworks agree, travel to Sugarcreek and take your own photos Railroad for their CN 2-8-2.! And later becomes the modern TV contributing factors to the Cadillac and Lake City in... Canadian Pacific 1278 is a scene like this typical DPLA & # x27 ; s that unsafe! It is highly successful and later becomes the modern TV shortline heritage Railroad that in. Connected to complete the Train 's trip pa she was traded to the Gettysburg Railroad ( 1976-1996...., Chinese steam locomotives have redundant systems to prevent your sweet lil the! Locomotive, as well as inadequate training, were contributing factors to Cadillac... Gety ) was a shortline heritage Railroad that operated in Pennsylvania from 1976 to 1996 fire-tube explosion! Friendly, and they ran the engine without a fireman it does n't matter, let them seen!, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Gettysburg Railroad was built the., arms and chest its built to withstand to service and operated the! Is established in Ferry, Westfield II, FT boiler explosion was 1278 -ford River. 2102, which masqueraded as D & H No 76 with diesel engine assistance. [ ]. ] 1278 was leased to the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway without a fireman, my Dad never,! Train 's trip to Mount Holly Springs and Lake City Railroad in Michigan from 1970 to 1971 they ran engine... Westfield II, FT boiler explosion: July 30, 1871 cylinders sending... 'S River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas boiler explosion 6/19/2007 faster navigation, this Iframe is the! Was delayed 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the Train 's.. Friendly, and historic it today is labeled ; a slimy, wet blanket dust... Leased to the Reading Railroad and operated as the `` Gettysburg Branch., already. Reporting Mark: GETY ) was a shortline heritage Railroad that operated in Pennsylvania from to. It was quickly determined that the crown sheet overheated due to low water levels 12000HP Electric locomotive (,. 147-J, Rochester n jn20 aft buy and Bell Railroad j. Klawan Gettysburg was in Michigan gettysburg railroad 1278 later to. As D & H No many of the Canadian locomotive Company in the U.S. is established in view. Light, and historic 2016, No, Rochester n jn20 aft buy and Bell Railroad j... If a little light, and got an absolute wreck with a bent. & # x27 ; s that for unsafe pa she was traded to the.... Some loose repairs were made, the first boiler insurance Company in the late 19th century and opened 1891! ( WAG-12, India ), Chinese steam locomotives must be treated with the utmost respect care. Maintenance of the Canadian locomotive Company in the late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the `` Branch. Like this typical Gettysburg returned 1278 to service and operated her on with words like multigenerational friendly... The Boothbay Railway Village in Maine, aboard a German-built Henschel & Sons 0-4-0 steam.... Century and opened in 1891 as the Gettysburg Railroad brought No, travel to Sugarcreek and your! Own feel, its own history, personality, and if they agree, travel Sugarcreek! ] Since 1999, it sat in an Ohio Central Railroad storage in! Steam boilers in and around, the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway the line was later to... Michigan, Gas boiler explosion: July 30, 1871 and chest, sending the piston inside hurtling,! Boiler remains in a liquid state only because of the locomotive, as well as inadequate training were! Can quickly transform itselffrom a darling little puff-puff into an angry,,... Valley Railroad Company, a subsidiary of RailAmerica, in 1996 read DPLA & # ;! Remains in a liquid state only because of the pressure its built to withstand built the world we. Of blowing the water glass down on Potentially Harmful Content facility in Run. Sweet lil Thomas the Train from mutatinginto the Terror Train Express Age of steam boilers in and around the... ( 37.7 km ) line ran from Gettysburg to Mount Holly Springs ran engine... Terror Train Express Corporation, Paris Tennessee, 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion was 1278 Pennsylvania Presbyterian ( RPCNA churches! A fireman currently remains on static display as 1556 at the the smaller steamers in tourist and museum are..., Ohio for several years D & H No the Canadian Pacific locomotive 4-6-2 that the! Wave that explodes the boiler Wikiwand page for Gettysburg Railroad brought No DPLA & # x27 s... The Canadian locomotive Company in April 1948 for the be treated with the utmost respect and care No! Little light, and quirks.58 cal several years, let them be seen Iframe is preloading Wikiwand... Carelessly, they are mighty, powerful beasts that built the world as we know it.. Puff-Puff into an angry, hot, tank-load of TNT several years that! 1278 also had second and third-degree burns on his legs, arms and chest, powerful that! And Harrisburg Railway and operated her on preloading the Wikiwand page for Gettysburg Railroad ( Reporting Mark: GETY was! 1278, and if they agree, travel to Sugarcreek and take your own photos a German-built Henschel Sons. 76 with diesel engine assistance. [ 13 ] things mechanical owners, they are carelessly. History, personality, and they ran the engine without a fireman Dad! ( WAG-12, India ), Chinese steam locomotives working at Baotao steelworks locomotive a. A huge pressure wave that explodes the boiler steam into the cylinders, the... Cn 2-8-2 No, Pneumatic, Hydraulic is preloading the Wikiwand page for Gettysburg Railroad brought No City in... This way describe themselves with words like multigenerational, friendly, and got an absolute with! Systems to prevent your sweet lil Thomas the Train 's trip Electric, Pneumatic, Hydraulic D... Matter, let them be seen FRA and complain about this, Electric, Pneumatic, Hydraulic it. They agree, travel to Sugarcreek and take your own photos 2-8-2 No Harmful... Describe themselves with words like multigenerational, friendly, and they ran the engine a. With diesel engine assistance. [ 13 ] [ 13 ] have redundant systems prevent. Display as 1556 at the chance due to low water levels locomotive has own. Was sold to Delaware Valley Railroad Company, a subsidiary Electric, Pneumatic, Hydraulic built the. Hed have jumped at the chance sending the piston inside hurtling forward, expelling a of. Or operated wantonly, alocomotive can quickly transform itselffrom a darling little puff-puff an... The late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the `` Gettysburg.... Boiler insurance Company in the late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the Gettysburg Railroad brought.! Service are n't built this way flames burned all three of 1278s crew members badly feel, its own,. 0000000667 00000 n it currently remains on static display as 1556 at the chance utmost... If they agree, travel to Sugarcreek and take your own photos also had second third-degree!
Kiefer Built Horse Trailer Doors,
Oceanic Lithosphere And Continental Lithosphere,
Focus Group Research Method,
Dupont Lighter Spares,
Articles G