Geneva Conventions, a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 for the purpose of ameliorating the effects of war on soldiers and civilians. These 9 weapons are banned from modern warfarePoisonous Gases. There are five types of chemical agent banned for use in warfare. Non-Detectable Fragments. The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons bans the use of non-metallic fragment in war because they cant be found by using X-rays.Land Mines. Incendiary Weapons. Blinding Laser Weapons. Expanding Ordnance. Poisoned Bullets. Cluster Bombs. More items Treaties, States, Parties, and Commentaries: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. International Committee of the Red Cross. The Geneva Convention on Road Traffic was concluded in Geneva on 19 September 1949. HlVAr$7+%7sHy P=w\&FE vyg63
?. Despite playing an important role in the progression of what became the International Committee of the Red Cross, continuing his work as champion for the battle-wounded and prisoners of war and winning the first Nobel Peace Prize, Dunant lived and died in near poverty. The fourth convention contained little that had not been established in international law before World War II. It also contains a specific regime for the treatment of civilian internees. Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions proved to be a significant victory, extending the principles of the Geneva Conventions to non-international armed conflicts, and sweeping aside certain obstacles of national sovereignty. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Their Additional Protocols. Article 12 stipulated the wounded and sick must not be murdered, tortured, exterminated or exposed to biological experiments. States parties and signatories This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. The read more. This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. The Geneva Conventions refer to international agreements that are made up of four treaties and three protocols that define the treatment of people during a war. Today the Geneva Conventions remain the cornerstone of contemporary international humanitarian law. The 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted against the backdrop of the disastrous consequences of the Second World War, a war waged on an unprecedented scale. It specifically prohibits murder, mutilation, torture, cruel, humiliating and degrading treatment, the taking of hostages and unfair trial.It requires that the wounded, sick and shipwrecked be collected and cared for.It grants the ICRC the right to offer its services to the parties to the conflict.It calls on the parties to the conflict to bring all or parts of the Geneva Conventions into force through so-called special agreements.It recognizes that the application of these rules does not affect the legal status of the parties to the conflict.Given that most armed conflicts today are non-international, applying Common Article 3 is of the utmost importance. . 1 GCI-IV) or common Article 3 (Art. T The importance of the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols was reflected in the establishment of war-crimes tribunals for Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994) and by the Rome Statute (1998), which created an International Criminal Court. Picture Information. There are now four Geneva Conventions, which were drawn up in 1949. An article common to the four Geneva Conventions guarantees a minimum amount of protection to the victims of non-international conflicts. <> Such efforts had not, The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN), functioning according to its statute, which form, Refugees have always existed, but the establishment of the international community's responsibility to provide protection to and solutions for refuge, Geneva Conventions on the Protection of Victims of War, Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva Convention IV: Civilian Persons in Time of War (August 12, 1949), https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/geneva-conventions-1949. The International Court of Justice has called common Article 3 a reflection of elementary considerations of humanity. hb```f``P B@16
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The four Geneva Conventions are dated 12 August 1949. The 1977 Additional Protocols were also a response to the proliferation of internal armed conflicts. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. When further analysing the question of the Conventions'relevance we must bear in mind that for the most part the Geneva Conventions only regulate international armed conflicts, including situations of military occupation. 0000013916 00000 n
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. }U'xmky?g~Gfha+"9.n+2iw+9#sYdI,B@|,j I93. While it is true such conflicts and occupations are fortunately not as frequent as in the past, we can only observe that they have not completely disappeared either. The Geneva Conventions which were adopted before 1949 were concerned with combatants only, not with civilians. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. It is not just a matter of whether he immediately surrenderedclearly expressing an intention to surrender is only one of three conditions under this rule. But the greatest advance of all remains the adoption of the fourth Convention, which offers civilians a similar protection to other victims of war. The ICRC helps those affected by armed conflict and promotes compliance with international humanitarian law. The Convention also recognizes the distinctive emblems. Protected persons shall in all circumstances be treated humanely and cared for. From this overview you can see that common Article 3 is not just an article like any other but indeed a mini-Convention within the Conventions. GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR OF 12 AUGUST 1949 PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1. The agreements originated in 1864 and were significantly updated in 1949 after World War II. Rules. 289 0 obj
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They must not be viewed in isolation. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their 1977 Additional Protocols constitute the heart of international humanitarian law. . The June 1943 riots took their name from the baggy suits worn by many minority youths read more, The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international conflictWorld War IIwhich broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. In 1859, Genevan businessman Henry Dunant traveled to Emperor Napoleon IIIs headquarters in northern Italy to seek land rights for a business venture. . trailer That is to say that any armed conflict that it is not an inter-State conflict falls within the scope of common Article 3 of the Conventions. It requires that the wounded, sick and shipwrecked be collected and cared for. endobj The convention has been ratified by 101 countries. Because some belligerents in World War II had abused the principles contained in earlier conventions, an International Red Cross conference in Stockholm in 1948 extended and codified the existing provisions. Protocol I increased protections for civilians, military workers and journalists during international armed conflicts. Finally, it recognizes that the application of these rules in no way affects the legal status of the Parties to the conflict. The following four conventions were adopted as a result of these proceedings: Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field; Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea; Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War; Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. While some civilizations showed compassion for the injured, helpless or innocent civilians, others tortured or slaughtered anyone in sight, no questions asked. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are international treaties that contain the most important rules limiting the barbarity of war. This French phrase included in Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions is a simple and clear term of art. The government experts supported the ICRCs proposals, including that of a new idea of applying the Conventions in all cases of armed conflict, including internal ones. This is the date on which the Final Act of the diplomatic conference to which they are annexed was signed. It is therefore very important to preserve this precious humanitarian acquis obtained through the universal acceptance of the Conventions. The Geneva Conventions. The development of the Geneva Conventions was closely associated with the Red Cross, whose founder, Henri Dunant, initiated international negotiations that produced the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded in Time of War in 1864. The U.S. Navys decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at read more, The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of violent clashes during which mobs of U.S. servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians brawled with young Latinos and other minorities in Los Angeles. Indeed, common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions deals with any armed conflict not of an international character. 0000105187 00000 n
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For much of mankinds history, the ground rules of warfare were hit or miss, if they existed at all. Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Article 1 common (Art. 0000076315 00000 n
These articles are said to be common to all four Geneva Conventions, e.g. Henry Dunant Biographical. As a result, the Geneva Conventions were expanded in 1949 to protect non-combatant civilians. The third of the Geneva Conventions, the Convention Relating to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1929), required that belligerents treat prisoners of war humanely, furnish information about them, and permit official visits to prison camps by representatives of neutral states. The four 1949 Geneva Conventions seek to protect the victims of war. Nevertheless, it took almost four months to complete its work, which surprised the public and made the conference much longer than anticipated. 0000091513 00000 n
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The International Committee of the Red Cross was active in organizing the conferences and preparing draft treaties that resulted in the final conventions. Germany signed the Convention of 1929, however, that didnt prevent them from carrying out horrific acts on and off the battlefield and within their military prison camps and civilian concentration camps during World War II. https://www.britannica.com/event/Geneva-Conventions, American Red Cross - Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Their Additional Protocols, Cornell Law School - Legal Information Institute - Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols, The British Red Cross - Geneva Conventions, International Committee of the Red Cross - The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols, Geneva Convention - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11). In order to transmit the sentiment of the time, one quote by General Eisenhower while visiting a Nazi death camp in 1945 may suffice: " The world must know what happened, and never forget " . endstream More than 180 states have become parties to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. What organization was closely associated with the development of the Geneva Conventions? The events of World War II showed the disastrous consequences of the absence of a convention for the protection of civilians in wartime. International Committee of the Red Cross. Those responsible for grave breaches must be sought, tried or extradited, whatever nationality they may hold. 0000007626 00000 n
2000. In doing so, they made a critical declaration: that even in armed conflict, even between fierce enemies, there must be limits on the suffering that we can inflict upon each other. Two additional They stipulate that:combatants must not pose as civiliansindiscriminate attacks are not allowedacts of violence - or threats to commit them - whose primary purpose is to spread terror are prohibitedobjects indispensable to the survival of communities must not be destroyed GENEVA CONVENTIONS, a series of international agreements drafted for the amelioration (improvement)of the treatment of the sick and wounded, in parti, Copyright, International The diplomatic conference opened on 21 April in the presence of representatives from 64 countries, covering almost every State in the world at that time. In response, two Protocols Additional to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1977. On the basis of this Convention, the ICRC was able visit the POWs in question. They specifically protect people who are not taking part in the hostilities (civilians, health workers and aid workers) and those who are no longer participating in the hostilities, such as wounded, sick and shipwrecked soldiers and prisoners of war. 57 0 obj (9QOg\5zc/j5hdPq #LM)o!!is1j8^E:Z/oYvwEUC#1rDf}/2Ug=+Sn5GQ1u>(u)X*N+ v Britain ratified the four Conventions in 1957. "Geneva Conventions, 1949 The first, Protocol I, extended protection under the Geneva and Hague conventions to persons involved in wars of self-determination, which were redefined as international conflicts. They include traditional civil wars, internal armed conflicts that spill over into other States or internal conflicts in which third States or a multinational force intervenes alongside the government. As a result, with respect to non-international armed conflicts the Geneva Conventions remain extremely relevant today. Philip Spoerri, ICRC's Director of International Law, ICRC databases on international humanitarian law, The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols. <>stream
Article 3, common to the four Geneva Conventions, marked a breakthrough, as it covered, for the first time, situations of non-international armed conflicts. International Committee of the Red Cross, Donate to Israel and the occupied territory, The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, Article 3, common to the four Geneva Conventions, Text of Additional Protocol I (international conflicts) and its Commentary, Text of Additional Protocol II (non-international conflicts) and its Commentary, Text of Additional Protocol III (additional distinctive emblem) and its Commentary, The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries, Somalia food crisis drought, conflict and the fight for survival, Yemen conflict: ICRC visits more than 3,400 detainees in 2022, reiterates continued commitment to support release and transfer operations, Counting the Dead: An ICRC report on the migrants dying on Europes borders. Ceremony to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions. British Red Cross. hbbd``b`~$A6`${@2l The Geneva Conventions of 1949: origins and current significance 12-08-2009 Statement Ceremony to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Understandably, common Article 3 was the subject of the most intense and drawn-out discussions of the whole conference. The resulting efforts to codify new restrictions on belligerent conflict led to the four conventions concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1949. . 4. This Convention replaced the Prisoners of War Convention of 1929. Whatever developments may occur in the future, these should build upon these existing rules. They have also expanded the list of fundamental guarantees applicable to all persons in the power of an adverse party. Yet another concern for the effectiveness of the Geneva Conventions surfaced over the years. And not only extreme violence by one combatant against another; much of it was directed against civilians, who had not paid such a heavy price for mankind's warmongering since the Thirty Years War. 0000011880 00000 n
In February 1945, therefore, even before the end of hostilities, the ICRC announced to governments and National Red Cross Societies its intention to revise the existing Geneva Conventions and have new conventions adopted, all the while wondering whether there was still a place for humanitarian rules in an era of total warfare. . 3 GCI-IV). %%EOF
50 0 obj The Geneva Conventions of 1949 before the United States Senate - Volume 49 Issue 4 Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Each convention focuses on one of these categories of people: Certain provisions are contained in all four conventions with practically identical wording:These articles are said to be common to all four Geneva Conventions, e.g. The Enyclopedia aims to provide accurate, up-to-date information on weapons, the effects of their use, and their regulation under public international law, in a format that is accessible to non-specialists. Click to enlarge. medical personnel, facilities and equipment, wounded and sick civilians accompanying military forces, civilians who take up arms to fight invading forces, hospital ships cannot be used for any military purpose nor captured or attacked, captured religious leaders must be returned immediately, all sides must attempt to rescue any shipwrecked personnel, even those from another side of the conflict, theyre only required to give their name, rank, birth date and serial number when captured, they must receive suitable housing and adequate amounts of food, they must not be discriminated against for any reason, they have the right to correspond with family and receive care packages, the Red Cross has the right to visit them and examine their living conditions. <>stream
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I Some highlights of these rules are: Male and female prisoners of war received expanded protections in the Convention of 1949 such as: Articles were also put in place to protect wounded, sick and pregnant civilians as well as mothers and children. endstream
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They strengthen the protection of victims of international (Protocol I) and non-international (Protocol II) armed conflicts and place limits on the way wars are fought. Historical Treaties and Documents. In the view of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 'the terms "direct and active refer to the same quality and degree of individual participation in hostilities'. The other delegations had asked for some time so their governments could study the texts, so a second signing ceremony was held on 8 December 1949 in Geneva. The four Geneva Conventions adopted on 12 August 1949 are an important part of international humanitarian law (IHL). Nobelprize.org. Some provisions concerning the protection of populations against the Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Although the convention was not original, the disregard of humanitarian principles during the war made the restatement of its principles particularly important and timely. They can pitch the government against armed groups but they can also consist of armed groups fighting among themselves. It also made the repatriation of captured belligerents a recommendation instead of mandatory. It requires humane treatment for all persons in enemy hands, regardless of how they may be legally or politically classified or in whose custody they may be. However, very few provisions of the Geneva Conventions deal with weapons or the conduct of hostilities (see below). ^nS^b[yPWo|:-,8guUI;EA}}o'S^hC^r|)d~VLGs/bv(Aa('++p'*7IqtV[dO .zY.0~-vWgkpyaav6[-J=Ee3oO.UQ@;bPDHvrW7^awwP~Nyz|VXRoh9SCiJ_(NiA3PK,1}W8G%>b3Dxf5[hTf/IhDi_P./'.=^RCZ4W. The Geneva Conventions, which were adopted before 1949. were concerned with combatants only, not with civilians. 0000001805 00000 n
In addition, we exchanged 16,326 messages between Ethiopian and Eritrean POWs and their families. In 1929, updates were made to further the civilized treatment of prisoners of war. 0000076384 00000 n
The latter was to give a view on revising the two existing Geneva Conventions, on the " wounded and sick " and " prisoners of war " , and above all on preparing a new convention on the condition and protection of civilians in times of war. The Geneva Conventions, which were most recently revised in 1949, consist of seven individual treaties which are open to ratification or accession by any sovereign state. Treaties and States Parties. Although this is just one provision, it contains the essential rules in a nutshell: 1. Rue de Lausanne 120B, Case Postale 1063, 1211 Genve 1 2023. Address Hence, to the extent that international conflicts and occupations continue to exist and will occur in the future, the Conventions remain valid and relevant. In 2005, a third Additional Protocol was adopted creating an additional emblem, the Red Crystal, which has the same international status as the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems. of State Publication No. 0000016203 00000 n
Lectures on the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, Paperback by Department $16.76 . The 1906 Convention replaced the First Geneva Convention of 1864. The second protocol, Protocol II, extended human rights protections to persons involved in severe civil conflicts, which had not been covered by the 1949 accords. 2: In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of Protection is afforded to those who do not, or no longer, participate actively in hostilities, namely, wounded and sick members of armed forces in land warfare, the shipwrecked at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians. The fourth Geneva Convention is the first treaty to be specifically and entirely dedicated to the protection of civilians in wartime. The findings reveal broad support for the cor e ideas behind the Geneva Conventions, and IHL as a whole, by people who have actually lived in conflict- and violence-affected countries. Geneva Conventions of 1949, Additional Protocols and their Commentaries. Article 1 common (Art. Such rules include the humane treatment of civilians and of prisoners of war. endobj 0000003641 00000 n
However, there was a positive feeling at the meetings, even perhaps a sense of camaraderie and frank discussion, even while the world had just entered the Cold War. Notably, Geneva Convention III broadens the category of persons entitled to prisoner of war status and defines more precisely the conditions of captivity. Thank you for being here this morning to mark the 60th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions. Adopted in reaction to the horror of World War II, they clarify and codify the many rules of the laws of armed conflict that had been established in earlier treaties. They are: The new updates stated all prisoners must be treated with compassion and live in humane conditions. 0000106614 00000 n
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(Eds. To provide just one example of this aquis : The regulation of the conditions of detent ion has been fundamental in saving the lives and ensuring the well-being of many detainees. They protect people who do not take part in the fighting (civilians, medics, aid workers) and those who can no longer fight (wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war). The purpose of these visits is to prevent enforced disappearances, extra-judicial executions, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, to monitor the material conditions of detention and to restore family links i.a. )H/P/D?45x: See, N. Melzer, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, 2009, p. 43. Lectures on the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, Paperback by Department $16.76 . Even in the fairly short conflict between Russia and Georgia in 2008, a number of POWs benefited from the protection and status conferred upon them by the Third Geneva Convention. . In Iraq, the ICRC visited 6,100 POWs and 11,146 civilian internees and detainees held by the occupying powers between April 2003 and May 2004. Both significantly provide for enhanced protection of the non-combatant, civilian populations. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler predicted a quick victory, but after initial success, the brutal campaign dragged on and eventually failed due to strategic blunders read more, During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germanys control. They protect the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field; wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea; prisoners of war; and civilians who find themselves under the rule of a foreign power in the event of international conflict. 0000003530 00000 n
<> This draft, which came to be known as the Tokyo Draft since it was presented at the International Conference of the Red Cross of 1934 in the Japanese capital, was to be the subject of a future diplomatic conference convened by Switzerland. By entering this website, you consent to the use of technologies, such as cookies and analytics, to customise content, advertising and provide social media features. dP_W e8M:lX5[KSrGK>{zmR8f_o1m x2}ouo[;{7y;NbAC?_>_Tw1cNfnw:2DH72'dlx9%dRZDB#@ 1
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56 0 obj . Many of the crimes against humanity were (and are) being committed by warring factions within a country, resulting in genocides, ethnic or religious antagonism, and ultimately the collapse of state structures. The Geneva Conventions immediately had a huge success. The manner in which the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute copies of various intellectual productions may be obtai, convention ashen, fashion, passion, ration abstraction, action, attraction, benefaction, compaction, contraction, counteraction, diffraction, enact, The Annapolis Convention of 1786 began as an ad-hoc gathering of the states to resolve differences regarding trade and commerce. However, since they were adopted warfare has changed considerably. In 1977, Protocols I and II were added to the Conventions of 1949. This Protocol, which supplements the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the protection of war victims, shall apply in the situations referred to in Article 2 common to those Conventions. endstream
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The Battle of Solferino. Furthermore, fundamental rules of IHL enshrined in the Geneva Conventions are rules of jus cogens. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This appears as a strong indicator that people in war-affected countries want to see better respect for and implementation of the law. At the request of the international community, the ICRC has tried to remedy this situation by identifying the rules of customary humanitarian law that apply regardless of the ratification record of treaty law. }^TNsO_}]SzKAC0YOE>or|n*ntV{. endobj Two additional protocols to the 1949 agreement were approved in 1977. 0000104808 00000 n
53 0 obj How many states are parties to the Geneva Conventions? Called the greatest American battle of the war by Winston Churchill, the Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes region of Belgium was Adolf Hitlers last major offensive in World War II against the Western Front. (((UCzSM7'#7TE\!'8>l}4&=h&=h{c;s`n!Xn=vwL?zc 1 GCI-IV) or common Article 3 (Art. Indeed, Additional Protocol II was the first treaty ever devoted exclusively to the protection of the victims of such conflicts elaborating upon the protection provided in common Article 3. Since the early 1920s, the ICRC had considered various projects - one of which was designed to protect the civilian population against the effects of war, in particular aerial warfare. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are at the core of international humanitarian law, the body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects. Worse for the victims and far more difficult for those who try to assist and protect. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols Even wars have rules Most recent Recommended 28-11-2022 Statement Its time to elevate the laws of war to a political Updates? The four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 are international treaties, ratified or acceded to by virtually all States. Lectures on the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 . (1) A fine which shall not exceed 50 per cent of the advances of pay and working pay which The Geneva Conventions of 1949 also laid out rules for protecting wounded, sick or shipwrecked armed forces at sea or on hospital ships as well as medical workers and civilians accompanying or treating military personnel. Can also consist of armed groups but they can also consist of armed groups fighting among themselves cornerstone contemporary. Repatriation of captured belligerents a recommendation instead of mandatory just one provision it! 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