He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. The treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1,500 per year, and agricultural implements, such as gardening tools, livestock, horses and wagons. 6 First Nations. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. Thank you for helping us make the university website better. (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). [32] Sweet Grass along with three other Chiefs attempted to get ahead of government control by meeting with the representative of the Canadian government in the west Lieutenant Governor Archibald to petition the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) sale of land to the government. In 2013, the City of Edmonton created Treaty No. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (, On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. I want all my brother Sweetgrass asks. The next biggest problem comes from a lack of follow through on verbal agreements. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. There was much discussion around the term of calamity and pestilence. [14], Cree religion believed in a single powerful creator which they based their ideology and ceremonies on. Chief Weekaskookwasayin (Sweet Grass) permitted Morris to explain those terms to the congregation. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. (Christensen 270). Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883: but he was deposed in 1884 and Young Sweet Grass became chief. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. We want you to be aware of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. Treaty 6 encompasses 17 First Nations in central Alberta including the Dene Sulin, Cree, Nakota Sioux and Saulteaux peoples. 1 What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? [55] Young Sweet Grass would eventually become chief and would name the new group the Sweetgrass First Nation in honour of his father. [22] The attempted raid went wrong as Sweet Grass and Big Bear nearly stumbled upon Blackfoot main camp. [50] The primary goal of the raid was to get supplies, but it after some pushback from the settlers it quickly became violent. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? He ventured into the Blackfoot territory, completely alone with the goal of capturing a herd of horses. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. The same significant ceremony of the pipe stem opened the meeting with the participants on September 7, 1876. In order to attract the governments attention, in July 1875, the Cree stopped members of the Geological Survey in North Saskatchewan from moving any farther through their territory. In 150 we had entered into the Robinson Huron Treaty to protect. The government wanted tribes to become more democratic in its governing of the reserves and rely less on the chiefs who traditionally were the leaders of the community. Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. Sweet Grass had also requested that the government provide supplies as needed so that they may sustain themselves when traditional hunting was not an option. Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the treaty terms. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). These included rights that indigenous people could hunt and fish and had provisions on their land. [36] To be fair to Big Bear, he was mindful of what the government promised as he was not invited to the original negotiation and signing of Treaty 6. Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. The signing of Treaty 6 was not the only reason for conflict between the Cree and other prominent Indigenous tribes in the region. . Please have a look around. Cree Tribes would move according to their migration habits. Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. He related that the First Nations Chiefs wanted to know if it was true that their lands were being sold. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (see Indigenous Territory), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile2 (about 2.5 km2) per family of five. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. Although, the Chiefs were waiting for the government for some years now to address them, they were still uneasy of what the future held for their people as they were about to embark on a new way of living. [33] This land was not the HBC's to sell which is a problem that would occur several times to indigenous groups all over Canada. (Dedicated this 16thday of July 1993 by the Cree Nation)". Those who did began to move onto the reserve land and being affected by the agreements made in the treaty. Alexander Morris spoke to those present, promising to offer the same terms as at Fort Carlton. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (Stonechild and Waiser 5). By this time, the only known buffalo herds left were located in the Cypress Hills. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. People die with maori race were relationships compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the of written essay plans . By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. [7] The Shaman's decision would be based on a character or incident that they saw in their vision. Siksika (Blackfoot) is the language of Siksika Nation. [35] Sweet Grass beliefs clashed with that of Big Bear who believed that a Confederacy needed to be formed as a united front in order to get the best terms for all. Many people would leave the reserve due to government policies to limit food rations. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) Is Edmonton on Treaty 6 land? There was much debate and discussions that took place with the First Nations participants, but the Queens representatives were eager to conclude the deal with the First Nations. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? He resented the notion completely how could the government give them land that they already possessed? Sweet Grass through both policy and action would have a lasting impact on the Plains Cree. Sweet Grass or Wikaskokiseyin was born in a Cree Camp in the area near Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. Who signed treaty 11? Website Development Studio. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. The aim of peace and friendship treaties (1725-1779) to stabilize trade and relations. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: "Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. In 1860, a member of the Plains Cree had killed a Blackfoot chief, which had sparked a war against them. So they were not present during the negotiations. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a provider, and as a generous giver to gain this position. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. It was a tough decision to make. The City of Edmonton acknowledges the traditional land on which we reside, is in Treaty Six Territory. [53] Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. The Sweetgrass Nation was settled into the land West of the township Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1884. "Biography WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM Volume X (1871-1880) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "History from a Different Angle: Narrative Strategies in The Temptations of Big Bear", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Grass_(Cree_chief)&oldid=1091635942, This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 12:56. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. All nations kept the rights to use the land for hunting. January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. The Treaty was passed on orally and was not recorded until 1880 (Roberts 90). Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). Different tribes of the Cree held their own stories and traditions passed down orally through the generations. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signedTREATY 6on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. [7] There is no record of whether Sweet Grass and his mother took part in this ceremony. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. [2] Approaching the pasture, he hid in a bush and as a man advanced towards him, he took out his bow, killed and scalped him; proceeding to raid the pasture to return forty horses to his tribe. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Victor Temprano/Native-Land.ca). The First Nations assembled near the Chiefs tents, to the sound of beating drums and the discharge of small arms, singing, dancing, and loud speaking going on at the same time, as told by A.G. Jackes secretary to the Treaty Commisoner. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. [8] Sweet Grass most likely did not partake in this tradition or many other childhood ones. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sadly, in the face of starvation and the inevitable settlement of their lands, Little Pine eventually signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on July 2, 1879. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. However, Morris told the Cree that they would find themselves crowded by settlers unless they settled on reserves. Are Siksika Blackfoot? Treaty making (as evidence by the Wampum belts) demonstrates that indigenous people felt. What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. The Treaty of Waitangi Claudia Orange Google Books. On 5 September, the commissioners arrived at Fort Pitt, where they were to negotiate the treaty with the Indigenous peoples there. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. Charter prohibiting the use of force except in self defense. For example, in May 2008, the Beaver Lake Cree Nation in Alberta filed a lawsuit against the provincial and federal governments because proposed oil, gas, forestry and mining activities threatened their rights to hunt and fish on treaty lands; the case is still ongoing. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. The Government of Canada held Big Bear responsible, convicted him of treason-felony, and sentenced him to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov. After the raid, they moved back to the reserve with the captured supplies without another incident. per family of five. Like the earlier agreements this treaty called on the natives to surrender their aboriginal title to the lands they inhabited In return they were promised reserves education and farming supplies and the right to hunt trap and fish as well as annual cash payments. [3] After being forced to set up camp along a river due to a snow storm, a member of their war party left to collect food and spotted a lone member of the Blackfoot on foot rounding up horses. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. In achieving this, the government had to get permission from the First Nations in the area to surrender their lands and in doing so had to negotiate a Treaty with them. Recognize Edmonton sits within Treaty No. Many chiefs signed adhesions to Treaty 6 in the years after 1876, seeing it as the only viable option to protect their people and provide a better life for them. The days of bison hunting were coming to an end, and the Cree needed help adjusting to new modes of life; the treaty provided them with that opportunity. Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. (Dodson 14). Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and James McKay (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. Even more important, the Chiefs felt that the Treaties would impose European values on the Cree. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. While traditions within tribes remained significant, the Cree became more receptive to different denominations of Christianity. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. 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Kohler Serial Number Significance Table, Articles W